General:

• The Confederate soldier George S. Lamkin of Winona, Mississippi, joined Stanford's Mississippi Battery when he was eleven, and before his twelfth birthday was severely wounded at Shiloh.
• Black soldiers were paid $10 per month while serving in the Union army. This was $3 less than white soldiers.
• General Robert E. Lee, commander of the Confederate forces, traveled with a pet hen that laid one egg under his cot every morning.
• Union and Confederate forces stationed at Fredericksburg during the winter of 1862 traded items by constructing small boats and floating them back and forth across the Rappahannock river.
• Lincoln did not believe that whites and blacks could live together in peace. He had planned to relocate the entire black population of the United States to Central America.
• North and South, potential recruits were offered awards, or "bounties," for enlisting, as much as $677 in New York. Bounty jumping soon became a profession, as men signed up, then deserted, to enlist again elsewhere. One man repeated the process 32 times before being caught.
• Fully armed, a soldier carried about seven pounds of ammunition. His cartridge box contained 40 rounds, and an additional 60 rounds might be conveyed in the pocket if an extensive battle was anticipated.
• At Fredericksburg in 1862, the Confederate trenches stretched for a distance of seven miles. The troop density was ll,000 per mile, or six men to the yard.
• The Confederate cruiser Shenandoah sailed completely around the world, raiding Union whalers and commerce vessels. The ship and its crew surrendered to English authorities in Liverpool more than 6 months after Lee's surrender at Appomattox.
• The U.S.S. Kearsarge sank the C.S.S. Alabama off the coast of Cherbourg, France, in a fierce engagement. Frenchmen gathered along the beach to witness the engagement, and Renoir painted the scene which now hangs in a Philadelphia art gallery.

• The Confederate forces lost 63 Brigadier Generals, 7 Major Generals, 3 Lieutenant Generals during the war.
• The first civilian killed by the abolitionist John Brown and his cohorts at Harperšs Ferry was a free black man.
• Approximately 2,000 men served in the 26th North Carolina Regiment during the course of the Civil War. With Leešs surrender at the Appomattox courthouse, there were only 131 men left to receive their paroles.
• On May 13, 1865, a month after Leešs surrender at Appomattox, Private John J. Williams of the 34th Indiana became the last man killed in the Civil War, in a battle at Palmito Ranch, Texas. The final skirmish was a Confederate victory.
• Disease was the chief killer during the war, taking two men for every one who died of battle wounds.
• During the Battle of Antietam, 12,401 Union men were killed, missing or wounded; double the casualties of D-Day, 82 years later. With a total of 23,000 casualties on both sides, it was the bloodiest single day of the Civil War.
• At Cold Harbor, Va., 7,000 Americans fell in 20 minutes.
• General Grant's losses from the Wilderness to Cold Harbor in 1864, a period of 29 days, totaled 54,900.
• At the Battle of Shiloh in 1862, there were 23,700 Union and Confederate casualties.
• The 1st Maine Heavy Artillery in the assault on Petersburg, June 1864, lost 604 men killed and wounded in less than 20 minutes. This organization did not see action until 1864. In less than one year it lost in killed and wounded 1283 men out of 2202.
• Some authorities accredit the 26th North Carolina Regiment with having incurred the greatest loss in a single battle recorded in the Civil War. At the Battle of Gettysburg, it lost 708 of its men, or approximately 85 percent of its total strength. In one company of 84 men, every man and officer was hit. The orderly sergeant who made out the report had a bullet wound through both legs.
• Artillery was used extensively, but only about 10 percent of the wounded were the victims of artillery fire.
• Of the 364,000 on the Union side who lost their lives, a third were killed or died of wounds and two-thirds died of
• The chance of surviving a wound in Civil War days was 7 to 1; in the Korean War, 50 to 1.
• About 15 percent of the wounded died in the Civil War; about 8 percent in World War I; about 4 percent in World War II; about 2 percent in the Korean War.
• The diseases most prevalent were dysentery, typhoid fever, malaria, pneumonia, arthritis, and the acute diseases of childhood, such as measles, mumps, and malnutrition.

• Many doctors who saw service in the Civil War had never been to medical school, but had served an apprenticeship in the office of an established practitioner.
• The chance of surviving a wound in Civil War days was 7 to 1; in the Korean War, 50 to 1.
• During the Battle of Antietam, Clara Barton tended the wounded so close to the fighting that a bullet went through her sleeve and killed a man she was treating.
• The first U. S. Naval hospital ship, the Red Rover, was used on the inland waters during the Vicksburg campaign.
• Eighty percent of all wounds during the Civil War were in the extremities
• In the battle of Gettysburg, 1100 ambulances were in use. The medical director of the Union army boasted that all the wounded were picked up from the field within 12 hours after the battle was over. This was a far cry from the second battle of Bull Run, when many of the wounded were left on the field in the rain, heat, and sun for three or four days.
• Many doctors who saw service in the Civil War had never been to medical school, but had served an apprenticeship in the office of an established practitioner.
• In the Peninsular campaign in the spring of 1862, as many as 5000 wounded were brought into a hospital where there were only one medical man and five hospital stewards to care for them.
• The first organized ambulance corps were used in the Peninsular campaign and at Antietam.

• The muzzle-loading rifle could be loaded at the rate of about three times a minute. Its maximum range was about 1000 yards.
• Fully armed, a soldier carried about seven pounds of ammunition. His cartridge box contained 40 rounds, and an additional 60 rounds might be conveyed in the pocket if an extensive battle was anticipated.
• At the Battle of First Bull Run or Manassas, between 8,000 and 10,000 bullets were fired for every man killed or wounded.
• During the Battle of Murfreesboro (Stone's River), the Union artillery fired 20,307 rounds and the infantry exhausted over 2,000,000 rounds. The total weight of the projectiles fired was in excess of 375,000 pounds.
• Besides the rifle and cannon, weapons consisted of revolvers, swords, cutlasses, hand grenades, Greek fire and land mines.
• Most infantry rifles were equipped with bayonets, but very few men wounded by bayonet showed up at hospitals. The conclusion was that the bayonet was not a lethal weapon. The explanation probably lay in the fact that opposing soldiers did not often actually come to grips and, when they did, were prone to use their rifles as clubs.
• The principal weapon of the war and the one by which 80 percent of all wounds were produced was a single-shot, muzzle-loading rifle in the hands of foot soldiers.
• Most wounds were caused by an elongated bullet made of soft lead, about an inch long, pointed at one end and hollowed out at the base, and called a "minie" ball, having been invented by Capt. Minié of the French army.
• The muzzle-loading rifle could be loaded at the rate of about three times a minute. Its maximum range was about 1000 yards.

• The Union Army consisted of between 2.5 to 2.7 million men while the Confederate forces had 750,000 to 1.2 million men.
• African Americans constituted less than one percent of the northern population, yet by the waršs end made up ten percent of the Union Army. A total of 180,000 black men, more than 85% of those eligible, enlisted.
• According to the U. S. Census, the population of the United States in 1860 numbered 31,443,321 persons. Of these, approximately 23,000,000 were in the 22 Northern states and 9,000,000 in the 11 Southern states. Of the latter total, 3,500,000 were slaves.
• At one time or another, the Northern armies numbered 2,100,000 soldiers. The Southern armies were considerably smaller. The total dead on both sides was about 500,000.
• There were over 2000 lads 14 years old or younger in the Union ranks. Three hundred were 13 years or less, while there were 200,000 no older than 16 years.

• Approximately 6000 battles, skirmishes, and engagements were fought during the Civil War.
• The artillery barrage at the battle of Gettysburg during Pickettšs charge was heard over 100 miles away in Pittsburgh.
• The greatest cavalry battle ever fought in the Western hemisphere was at Brandy Station, Virginia, on June 9, 1863. Nearly 20,000 cavalrymen were engaged on a relatively confined terrain for more than 12 hours.
• In the Vicksburg campaign in 1863, Grant won five battles within a period of 18 days, captured 40 field guns, and inflicted casualties of approximately 5200 on the enemy. He captured 31,600 prisoners, 172 cannon and 6000 small arms when Vicksburg fell-the greatest military haul ever made in the Western hemisphere.
• During the Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1862, "Stonewall" Jackson marched his force of 16,000 men over 600 miles in 39 days, fighting five major battles and defeating four separate armies totaling 63,000 men.
• On July 4, 1863, after 48 days of siege, Confederate General John C. Pemberton surrendered the city of Vicksburg to the Unionšs General, Ulysses S. Grant. The Fourth of July was not be celebrated in Vicksburg for another 81 years.